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David J. Abels, M.D., and Jonathan
Kattan-Byron, M.D.
Beer-Sheva, Israel |
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A naturally filtered ultraviolet spectrum of sunlight along
with other natural factors are utilized in the management of
psoriasis at the Dead Sea area in Israel. In 110 patients with
psoriasis, 85.5% achieved complete clearing or excellent improvement.
These results compare favorably with other therapeutic regimens
used today in the treatment of psoriasis. Since systemic medications
are avoided, the potential risks may be considerably lessened.
Therefore, this therapeutic modality may be considered in the
management spectrum of psoriasis. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 12:639-
643, 1985.) |
Since the advent of PUVA1, the combination of psoralen (P) and
long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA), the management of psoriasis
has taken on a new dimension. Numerous scientific articles have
been written discussing this form of treatment and elucidating the
principles involved that are presently being defined. Concurrent
with this knowledge, much more is now understood about photobiologic
mechanisms and the UV spectrum.2.3 Along with this basic knowledge,
phototherapy has progressed today into a well-accepted treatment
in most major medical centers. Selective ultraviolet phototherapy
(SUP), first described in the European literature, is currently
gaining popularity and many phototherapy units are now utilizing
this principle.4
Climatotherapy, defined as a treatment combining the natural elements
of a specific geographic location, has been used at the Dead Sea
in Israel for over twenty years.5.6 Because of its unique position,
the treatment at the Dead Sea mainly consists of the patients being
exposed to a UV spectrum of long-wave ultraviolet light found naturally
in high intensity7 only in that area of the world and, in addition,
a sea rich in natural minerals and salts. This study of 110 patients
with psoriasis confirms the value of this treatment with the results
comparable to other established treatments used today in the management
of psoriasis.
METHODS
During the period of time from the end of March 1983 to June 1983,
we investigated 110 patients enrolled in a Dermatology Clinic at
the Dead Sea in Israel sponsored by the Israeli government. Since
the study was primarily designed for the treatment of psoriasis,
patients with other skin diagnoses were eliminated from the study.
Table
I. Incidence and improvement with severity of involvement
|
Percent
involvement Prior to treatment |
Number
(and percentage) of
patients prior to treatment |
Number
(and percentage) of
patients with complete clearing
or excellent improvement |
0-9 |
13 (11.8%) |
13 (100%) |
10-19 |
24 (21.8%) |
18 (75%) |
20-29 |
30 (27.3%) |
28 (93.3%) |
30-100 |
43 (39.1%) |
35 (81.4%) |
Ten patients with psoriasis were also excluded: one because excessive
alcoholic intake interfered with treatment compliance; a second
patient because he remained under treatment for only 1 week, which
is considered insufficient time; a third patient was not included
because her primary diagnosis was in doubt; the fourth, because
he failed to follow the treatment regimen; the fifth, because her
primary diagnosis was psoriatic arthritis and she had no skin involvement;
and the last five patients, because they left the treatment without
a final examination. All the other patients were randomly included
and no selective basis was utilized.
As mentioned, all patients included in this study had a diagnosis
of psoriasis. The main type was plaque or patchy involvement with
six patients having psoriasis guttata. The psoriatic involvement
was visually estimated at the start and conclusion of treatment
and the patients were examined always by the same two physicians,
providing relative consistency to the findings. The treatment consisted
primarily of sun exposure beginning with 10 to 20 minutes, depending
on the skin type, in the morning and the same in the afternoon,
with an increase in increments of 10 minutes each day until a maximum
of approximately 6 hours per day was reached. Bathing in the Dead
Sea was highly variable but routinely it began with 5 minutes in
the morning and the same in the afternoon, increasing every 3 days
another 5 minutes until 30 minutes in the morning and 30 minutes
in the afternoon was obtained. All patients were examined on a daily
basis and treatment was adjusted as required.
Topical medications included petrolatum, body and bath oils, and
various concentrations of sulfur-salicylic acid ointments principally
used for keratolytic purposes. In selected patients, a tar ointment
was added toward the end of treatment, mainly for its UV-enhancing
effect. Scalp treatments were administered by a nurse on a daily
basis as needed and consisted mainly of localized applications of
sulfur-salicylic acid ointments. Shampooing of the scalp was with
a 5% cetrimide shampoo with or without tar added. At no time was
any other topical or systemic medication used in the treatment.
No topical or systemic corticosteroids were utilized.
The patients underwent treatment from a minimum of 14 days to a
maximum of 42 days, with the average patient stay at the Dead Sea
being 26 days.
RESULTS
Of the 110 patients included in this study, 56 were male and fifty-four
female. The youngest was 10 and the oldest 76, with the average
43 years of age.
The range of psoriatic involvement at the beginning of treatment
was from 1% to 90% (Table I) with the average involvement at the
start of 29%. The percentage improvement was classified into groups
(Table II) and defined as minimal improvement, 5% to 20%, no patients;
definite improvement, 20% to 50%, one patient; considerable improvement,
50% to 80%, fifteen patients; excellent improvement, 80 to 95%,
32 patients; complete clearing, 95% to 100%, sixty-two patients.
The percentage improvement was estimated relative to the original
extent of disease.
Forty-three patients had 30% or greater coverage with psoriasis
(Table I). In analyzing the patients in this group, 81.4% showed
complete clearing or excellent improvement. In the group with 20%
to 29% involvement, 93.3% had complete clearing or excellent improvement.
Those with 10% to 19% involvement had 75% complete clearing or excellent
improvement, and all thirteen patients with 0% to 9% involvement
showed complete clearing or excellent improvement.
Included in other findings, thirty-one patients (28%) gave a history
or had evidence of psoriatic arthropathy. Virtually all patients
expressed some degree of improvement in their arthritic symptoms
at the time of discharge. Fifty-two patients (47%) revealed nail
changes characteristics of psoriasis.
No significant complications were encountered. Occasionally a patient
experienced transient pustules primarily on the legs that cleared
with topical antibiotics. Unrelated ear or skin infections occurred
infrequently and responded to appropriate therapy. In a few patients,
a pruritic sunburn-like erythema or a sun sensitivity appeared early
in treatment but always resolved after several days avoidance of
sun exposure to the affected areas. Only very rarely did blistering
accompany the sunburn-like erythema, and it responded to local treatment.
DISCUSSION
The Dead Sea area, situated 390 meters below sea level, is the lowest
place on earth and consequently has certain characteristic atmospheric
and climatic features present at no other location in the world.
First, the Dead Sea itself has the highest concentration of salts
found in any natural body of water. These salts are present in a
total concentration of 33% as compared, for example, to the Great
Salt Lake in Utah at 20% to 27% or the ocean, at 3%. Magnesium chloride
is the salt with the highest concentration at 50%, with sodium chloride,
25%, calcium chloride, 12%, and potassium chloride, 4%.k In the
sea, bromides are also found in significant concentration.
Table
II. Treatment response |
| Definition |
Percent Involvement
Improved* |
Number of
patients |
Percent of
patients25% |
Psoriasis worse |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| No change |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Minimal improvement (less scaling and/or erythema)
|
5-20 |
0 |
0 |
| Definite improvement (moderate flattening of
plaques; less scaling and erythema) |
20-50 |
1 |
0.9 |
| Considerable improvement (considerable flattening
of all plaques; minimal erythema and scaling) |
50-80 |
15 |
13.6 |
Excellent improvement (almost complete flattening of all plaques;
minimal erythema or scaling) |
80-95 |
32 |
29.1 |
| Complete clearing (complete flattening of all
plaques; no erythema or scaling but variable pigmentation may
remain) |
95-100
|
62 |
56.4 |
*Compared to original involvement of psoriasis
These elemental properties of the sea are combined with unique
photobiologic characteristics that are also present only in this
area. The sunburn spectrum of ultraviolet light is very weak at
the Dead Sea9 because of a continuous haze that develops over the
water. This haze or mist occurs from an extraordinarily high water
evaporation estimated at two billion cubic meters per year. Subsequently,
the majority of UVB sunburning rays are filtered out, thus allowing
a greater exposure to the longer wavelength UVB and penetrating
natural UVA rays.
These two major factors, the sea and the sun, have served as a
basis for the management of many different medical illnesses at
the Dead Sea, particularly dermatologic disorders. Psoriasis has
been the main skin disease treated, although atopic dermatitis,
neurodermatitis, vitiligo, acne, and ichthyosis have responded to
this treatment. From our experience and also that of others,10 the
principal climatic factor at the Dead Sea accounting for the benefit
seen, particularly in psoriasis, most likely is the naturally filtered
spectrum of UVA and the longer wavelength UVA. Because of this,
we are most probably dealing with a form of natural selective ultraviolet
phototherapy (NSUP).
PUVA, the combination of psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet radiation
(UVA), is considered today as one of the major therapeutic modalities
in the management of psoriasis. Since it demonstrates a high clearance
rate, nearly 90%,11 it has to be considered as a treatment to which
other therapeutic regimens are compared.12.13 The results in our
study of 110 patients with psoriasis treated with NSUP showed that
by classifying the patients according to their percentage improvement
(Table II), 56.4% had complete clearing and 29.1%, excellent improvement.
Grouped together, 85.5% had complete clearing or excellent improvement
of their psoriasis.
This overall figure combining complete clearing and excellent improvement
together would support the treatment value with NSUP and its overall
efficacy would compare favorably with PUVA. All our patients responded
to treatment with just one obtaining less than considerable improvement
(Table II). In another study done at the Dead Sea10 77% had complete
clearing or marked improvement, which is near our finding of 85.5%
complete clearing or excellent improvement. To draw any further
comparisons with this study is difficult because of the lack of
quantification of their groups, but their findings generally correlate
with our results.
It should be noted that in addition to NSUP, the treatment schedule
in this study included topical medications mainly used for lubrication
and keratolytic purposes. A tar ointment was added in selected patients
toward the termination of treatment primarily for its UV-potentiating
effect. Future data may show that a combination therapy of NSUP
with an active antipsoriatic medication may significantly enhance
the treatment results.
The average stay at the Dead Sea for our patients was 26 days.
Even though the minimum stay was only 14 days, the eleven patients
who stayed for this period of time had an average clearing of 87.5%.
Many patients did not show significant improvement until the third
or fourth week; therefore, we usually suggest that patients undergo
treatment for a minimum of 3 weeks and preferably for a period of
4 weeks. Since some patients did experience substantial improvement
after 14 days, it is likely that future work will demonstrate that
on an individual basis, the period of time to achieve maximum benefit
will vary between 14 and 28 days.
Psychotherapeutic influences certainly play a role in the patients?overall
improvement at the Dead Sea. Grouped together for several weeks
in a relaxed, pleasant atmosphere allows those affected with this
chronic skin disorder to share and discuss similar frustrations
and apprehensions. Many realize for the first time that they are
not alone in their suffering, and visualizing their own improvement
along with that of others serves as an important psychologic stimulus
to their general progress.
Three additional areas requiring objective confirmation and further
study are the response seen in psoriatic arthritis, possible adverse
side effects, and the recurrence or relapse rate. An added advantage
of NSUP was its benefits with psoriatic arthropathy. Twenty-eight
percent of our patients had arthritic symptoms and all benefited
from the treatment. Detailed investigation should now be undertaken
to demonstrate conclusively the benefits of this treatment in psoriatic
arthritis and precisely what part the sea and its minerals may also
play in the therapeutic result.
Other important factors needing evaluation are particularly the
long-term side effects.14 Since NSUP eliminates entirely the taking
of systemic medications, such as psoralens, we are not as concerned,
for instance, about the potential ophthalmologic hazards15 and the
patients do not have to wear protective glasses during or after
therapy.
The carcinogenic,16.17 mutagenic,18 and immunologic19 complications
of the other treatments for psoriasis are now just beginning to
be recognized. No investigations of these parameters have as yet
been carried out at the Dead Sea, but currently we are unaware of
any skin cancer appearing in any of our patients who were treated
at the Dead Sea prior to this study. This certainly requires further
confirmation with large numbers of patients. In the future, we also
hope to study the problem of premature aging of the skin, which
may possibly be a potential complication.20
The recurrence or relapse rate of the psoriasis is another important
issue that also must be considered. Once more, we have no conclusive
data at this time, but after interviewing several hundreds of patients
who have been at the Dead Sea before, NSUP will frequently give
a longer remission than other modalities without specific maintenance
therapy being administered between clearance courses.10 Patients
commonly mention a 3- to 6-month period of time before noticing
the beginning of a relapse and state that the psoriasis frequently
does not appear as severely. Further study and documentation should
be forthcoming.
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From the Division of Dermatology, Soroka University Hospital and
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.
Accepted for publication Nov. 15, 1984
Reprint requests to: Dr. David J. Abels, 5 Nitza Blvd., Apartment
26, Netanya, Israel 42269 |